73 pages • 2 hours read
Hanya YanagiharaA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section discusses sexual assault.
The narrative shifts to the correspondence between C and Peter. It is now 2064. Aubrey died and left the house to Nathaniel. Aubrey also passed a ring down to C. Aubrey’s final illness helped restore some relationship between C and David; C doesn’t talk with David about his involvement in The Light, and David doesn’t talk about C’s work. Shortly after Aubrey’s death, David introduces C to Eden, the woman he is dating. Eden is also involved with The Light and is pregnant. C is concerned because he doesn’t think David is mature enough for this responsibility, and it becomes clear that David and Eden haven’t thought much about their future together. C suspects that Nathaniel will end up caring for the child. Nonetheless, C feels a lot of love for his granddaughter, Charlie Bingham-Griffith.
A few months later, Nathaniel is indeed Charlie’s primary caregiver; David is well-intentioned but inconsistent, and Eden is already largely absent from her daughter’s life. C is also heavily involved with caring for his granddaughter, and this brings him and Nathaniel closer. C describes how “around her, we’re all softer, kinder, as if we’ve mutually agreed to hide from her the truth of who we are” (569). Eventually, Eden signs over her parental rights, and David becomes more absent. C also offers to move in to help take care of Charlie, and Nathaniel agrees, although they don’t plan to resume a romantic relationship. David, C, and Nathaniel celebrate Charlie’s first birthday; David continues to rage against the government and believes conspiracy theories that the government is propagating disease rather than fighting against it. C has grown to accept David’s perspective and now mostly feels sad at what his son’s life has become.
In a letter from 2067, C describes a shocking event that took place a few months earlier: Nathaniel and David were killed in a grocery store when an explosive planted by The Light was detonated. Authorities believe that David was responsible since he was a known member of The Light, but C believes that his son learned of the attack, realized that Nathaniel would be at the store, and rushed there hoping to warn his father. Nonetheless, David has been declared an enemy of the state. C is grief-stricken. He is also convinced that Nathaniel’s will was changed so that money and property were left directly to Charlie.
In 2070, C describes how Charlie got seriously ill and had to spend weeks in the hospital; because of his important government position, she was able to get very good care. The drugs Charlie was treated with are also known to have serious long-term side effects, but C can only hope for the best. As she grows older, C pours resources into getting her care and support, trying to help her cognitive and emotional development, but Charlie remains somewhat aloof and reserved. C wonders what kind of future awaits her, especially as the world grows bleaker. C has thought about trying to flee, but the government won’t issue papers for Charlie, and they know he would never leave without her.
The narrative returns to Charlie in summer 2094. She thinks back to when she met her husband; she thought he was kind but was unsure about leaving her grandfather behind. After Charlie agreed, her grandfather secured work for her future husband at the Farm; he also explained that her husband was gay and wouldn’t want to have sex with her. Charlie knows that while marriage equality was once legal and that her grandfather had been married to a man, they are no longer legal in America. Relationships between members of the same sex are tolerated but discouraged, and most citizens are expected to marry and have children. Grandfather explains that he believes Charlie’s husband will take good care of her.
Nonetheless, Charlie has always secretly hoped that her husband would grow to love her and is hurt that the secret notes seem to have come from a man. What she perceives as David’s rejection hurts even more because she also feels rejected by her husband. After David rejects Charlie’s embrace, she sees him lingering in the square, trying to find her. He doesn’t know exactly where she lives, so all he can do is hope to catch sight of her. Charlie does not approach him.
Charlie also goes back to following her husband every week; she sometimes catches sight of the man who lets him into the house where he goes. Eventually, Charlie’s husband asks her if she still sees her friend, and she says no. Charlie asks him what he does on his free nights, and her husband says that he goes to see friends. Charlie doesn’t confront him because she worries “what if he got angry at me and shouted? What if he ran out of the apartment? Then I’d be alone, and I wouldn’t know what to do” (602-03).
Without David to preoccupy her, Charlie pays more attention at work and hears scientists talking about a new order that will close all containment centers. They suspect that this decision means the next outbreak will be so bad that there will be no time to send sick people to containment centers; anyone who gets sick will go directly to a relocation center. There is a greater state presence at the laboratories, and it seems clear that a deadly disease is soon going to be spreading. One day, Charlie asks the researcher to whom she is closest about what is going on. He tells her that there is a new and highly contagious disease; there have been cases in America, but no one knows how much it is spreading.
Charlie thinks about this information. Although borders are closed and no international travel has been permitted for decades, there are always rumors of people occasionally sneaking in. There are also theories that government laboratories manufacture the viruses themselves. Charlie thinks back to her grandfather. After Charlie’s marriage, he moved out, but she still spent a lot of time with him. Insurgents had overthrown the government and were promising revenge against people who worked with the state. One day, while Charlie and her grandfather were walking, armed men ordered him to get into a van. Charlie was upset, but her grandfather told her to go quietly. When Charlie told her husband what happened, he left to see if he could help but returned to say that her grandfather couldn’t be released. About a month later, Dr. Charles Griffith was put on trial and executed.
On the sixth anniversary of her grandfather’s arrest, Charlie is surprised to find a note from David asking her to meet him near the storyteller. Charlie is hesitant to go because she is embarrassed, but she is also lonely and misses her friend. She goes to the spot and meets David. He explains that he works for a man who was close to her grandfather. Before he passed away, Charlie’s grandfather asked his friend to get her out of the country, and the friend has been trying to do so ever since. Now there is finally an opportunity, and the impending outbreak of disease makes it more urgent than ever. Charlie is shocked and argues that she is happy with her life and doesn’t want to leave. David gives her a small package and tells her to look at it once she is alone in her apartment.
Charlie hurries home, unwraps the packet, and is shocked to find her grandfather’s ring inside. He had worn it when she was a young child, but it had disappeared when she was ill. When she asked him about it, he had only given vague explanations. Charlie now wonders if he sent it to someone in preparation for her eventually needing help. Charlie meets David again the following week. David tells her that he is from Britain and has been sent to get her; he has promised not to leave without her.
The narrative shifts back to C writing to Peter in 2074. C laments that he didn’t leave America with Charlie sooner and worries about what her illness and treatments have done to her. In 2075, C describes how Charlie wandered away and was raped by some teenage boys; she was not yet 11 when this happened. C was devastated by his inability to protect his granddaughter. In 2076, as C grows increasingly pessimistic about the dystopian state America is becoming, he sends his pearl ring to Peter. He has vague hopes that if he and Charlie are ever able to escape, the ring might be a helpful asset, and he knows that they might not be able to take much with them. As laws are passed removing marriage equality, C also becomes more worried, explaining that “I had tried to make things better for people I didn’t know, and it cost me my family, and therefore my self […] I cannot do anything else to help the world—I can only try to help Charlie” (631).
Charlie grows older, and C wonders if she will be able to study and pursue a career. He does his best to prepare her for an independent future and wonders if an arranged marriage might be the best way to provide for her. C’s home (the beautiful mansion once owned by Aubrey and Norris) is largely used as a military barracks now. When Charlie goes off to college, C begins to discreetly pursue sexual encounters with other men. As climate change leads to increasingly bad living conditions and political unrest grows stronger, C spends more time retreating into memories of his childhood in Hawaii and his relationship with Nathaniel.
In 2085, Charlie is expelled from college because of her father’s illegal activities. C is distressed for her and tries even harder to plan an escape. Since she can’t pursue her education, C plans to find her a job at a state research facility and a husband. However, he grows increasingly frustrated when marriage brokers warn him that no one will be willing to marry Charlie because she is infertile and has cognitive and interpersonal challenges due to her illness. C is relieved to encounter a man who will marry Charlie: He is kind, intelligent, and well-educated. C makes Charlie’s future husband promise to be discreet if he continues to pursue affairs with men after he marries.
When Charlie marries, C feels peaceful about giving her security and protecting her from loneliness. Looking back, he realizes how grateful he has been to have a partner, a child, and a grandchild.
In 2094, David and Charlie continue to discuss their escape plan. David cautions her not to change her behavior and reassures her that she doesn’t need to prepare or bring anything. He tells her that her husband can come, but he may not want to. Charlie finds herself delaying the conversation, even while David gently urges her to ask him as soon as possible. The increasing prevalence of the disease ends up speeding up the timeline, and David tells Charlie that she now only has days before she leaves. Charlie still can’t bring herself to talk to her husband, and sometimes, she wonders why she is trusting David.
With her departure only days away, Charlie realizes she cannot wait any longer. Her husband is away for his free night, so she goes to the house and uses the secret knock. When the man comes to the door, Charlie explains that she is looking for her husband, Edward Bishop. The man lets her in, and she finds Edward struggling to breathe. The other men assure her that he doesn’t have the disease, but he needs to get out. One of the men, Fritz, helps Charlie take Edward back to their apartment. Fritz and Charlie are stopped and questioned on the way, but David appears and intervenes.
Back at the apartment, Fritz explains that Edward has congestive heart failure but hasn’t known how to tell Charlie. Together, Fritz, David, and Charlie take care of Edward in his final hours. Edward dies the following day, and this loss cements Charlie’s decision to leave: “I was crying because we were both leaving, to different places, and we would be doing so separately” (694). David arranges to have the body taken care of. Charlie gives Fritz the notes that he and Edward exchanged. Then, following David’s instructions, Charlie goes to the meeting point.
She is going to be taken by several boats to Iceland and then eventually to Britain. For security, David cannot travel with her, and she is frightened to go alone. Charlie gets into the boat and hides; as it starts to sail away, she can hear the crew talking about another boat that is approaching. Charlie becomes frightened that she might be apprehended but then feels a sense of calm. Someone uncovers the tarp she is hiding under, but it is not revealed who.
C writes his final letter to Peter in September 2088, shortly before his execution. In exchange for a public execution, C has negotiated that Charlie will be treated well and will keep her job. C also implores Peter to find a way to get Charlie out of America and to Britain: “I don’t care about dying, but I can’t bear to leave her here, in this place, alone” (703). C has a vision of himself after death coming back to look for Charlie, and he describes his hope that she will be able to have a new life in freedom.
The final section of the novel illustrates the parallel character development of Charles and Charlie as both of them become more emotional and capable of navigating complexity and nuance. At the start of his narrative, Charles is quite rigid and loyal to the government and its decisions. He is judgmental about David’s participation in The Light and his decision to have a child, complaining that “it takes a special kind of cruelty to make a baby now, knowing that the world it’ll inhabit and inherit will be dirty and diseased and unjust and difficult” (556).
Charlie is a transformative force in Charles’s life; despite himself, he is deeply moved by the baby and nurtures her. The more vulnerable Charlie becomes, the more Charles wants to protect her. When she develops permanent side effects after being treated with experimental drugs and when she is sexually assaulted as a teenager, Charles increasingly questions how best to protect her. Charles may be so attached to Charlie because he longs to save her the way he was unable to save his son; he also sees the world deteriorating around him. Charles describes to Peter how “I understand that this dreadful love is being compounded by a growing awareness of how the world that we live in—a world that, yes, I helped create—is not one that will be tolerant of people who are fragile or different or damaged” (588). Because he sees Charlie as someone fragile, different, and damaged, Charles becomes willing to question existing systems in a way he previously was not. He also questions his actions and whether his faith in his expertise led him to agree to inhumane policies.
Charles’s changing perspective is also influenced by his perception of an increasingly totalitarian state. Marriage equality is outlawed, and Charles is subject to raids and harassment when he pursues sexual encounters with other men. Charles is shocked and frightened to see these rights being taken away, and these changes convince him that America is no longer a place where he can see himself or his granddaughter being safe. Charles takes steps to prepare for an eventual departure, such as sending his pearl ring to Peter; these steps reveal that change and progress are slow, but Charles eventually confronts the knowledge he was trying to avoid. Charles tells Peter that “the disease clarified everything about who we are; it revealed the fictions we’d all constructed about our lives” (6430, admitting that even as a very rational and pragmatic person, he was willfully ignorant to some realities he did not want to confront. Charles uses the language of dystopia to describe the world he is living in, showing that he can now see how bad things have gotten, even if the changes were initially imperceptible.
As Charles’s narrative shows him becoming more ambivalent about America and more open to the prospect of leaving, Charlie’s narrative shows her going through a similar transition. Up until meeting David and even during the early part of their friendship, Charlie passively accepts her reality: “I did not think about trying to find the internet, and I did not think of going to another country. Some people did, but I did not” (538). In this section, technology such as the internet and television symbolize a lost freedom of information and connection, casualties of the state’s centralized control. Charlie’s attitude exemplifies a progression that Charles described decades earlier: “People in a young dystopia crave information […] you become freed of the burden of knowledge, you learn, if not to trust the state, then to surrender to it” (633).
Charlie’s development into a more independent character begins with her developing romantic feelings for David. She wonders, “was I able to feel it after all? Was what I had always assumed was impossible for me something I had known all along?” (545). Once she begins questioning her own identity as someone incapable of loving and being loved, she can also question other aspects of her reality. This character development mirrors what happened to David Bingham in Book 1 when he fell in love with Edward Bishop; Charlie begins to imagine a different future and becomes willing to take risks to achieve it. These two storylines both show love as a source of bravery and agency.
Charlie’s transformation does not mean that she readily accepts David’s invitation to leave America. She objects, “I’m safe here […] I’m free here” (616-17), denying an obvious reality, especially since her grandfather was publicly executed. Charlie clings to an illusion of safety because she wants to avoid taking frightening risks. Safety and security are important threads in Book 3, from justifying containment camps to Charles’s determination to see Charlie married. Charles believes that marriage would offer protection: “I won’t live forever, and I want to make sure that you’ll always have someone to protect you, even long after I’m gone” (520). Especially since her match is a gay man who will never feel romantic love or desire toward her, Charles knows that Charlie is making a significant compromise. He admits, “I cannot promise that my granddaughter won’t be lonely, but I have prevented her from being alone. I have made certain her life will have a witness” (676).
Charles’s decision to arrange a marriage for Charlie is much like his previous efforts to contain the virus: He enacts a moral compromise under highly constrained circumstances in hopes of serving the greater good. It isn’t clear whether either attempt is successful; Charlie feels a certain kind of love for Edward, but she also craves desire and passion. Charles is also ironically executed as a traitor, even though he always attempted to collude with systems of power. His fate reflects that his compromises and concessions were for nothing. Not unlike Wika, Charles is resigned to his own fate but hopes for more for his granddaughter. His final vision is hopeful, although the somewhat grotesque imagery of himself as “some kind of shrieking beast with rubbery wings who flies over scorched lands, looking for carrion” (704) highlights the ongoing presence of death, decay, and catastrophe, even in an idealized vision. Charles also comments on the irony of leaving America, founded on ideals of individual rights and freedom, for Britain. The conclusion of Charlie’s attempted escape to Britain brings the novel’s narrative arc full circle since much of Book 1 was animated by America’s celebration of becoming an independent nation. Even in Book 1, many of America’s supposed ideals were shown to be hollow, and Book 3 returns to this theme when Charles admits, “America was not for everyone; that it was not for people like me, or people like you; that America is a country with sin at its heart” (588).
While Charles’s narrative ends with an imaginary vision of a departure and an escape “to my loves, to freedom, to safety, to dignity—to paradise” (704), Charlie’s narrative ends ambiguously, mirroring the inconclusive resolution of David Bingham’s narrative in Book 1. Much like David Bingham, Charlie takes a huge risk and leaves behind everything she has ever known. She is driven not by love, but by a radical aloneness in which she has no one left to leave behind. Charlie also heads east rather than west, symbolically reflecting how she is attempting to return to a version of the past rather than a vision of the future. When she realizes that someone has boarded the ship she is attempting to escape on, Charlie thinks that “No matter what happened, this was the end of my life. Perhaps it was the actual end. Perhaps it was just the end of the one I had known” (702). While her fate is ambiguous, what matters, in the end, is that like David Bingham, Charlie chose for herself and imagined that something could be better.
By Hanya Yanagihara