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43 pages 1 hour read

Ron Rash

One Foot in Eden

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2002

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Part 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 3 Summary: “The Husband”

The narrative flashes back to Billy’s perspective before the murder. Billy remembers how he found out that Amy was pregnant with another man’s child. He had suspicions about Amy and Holland, but he tried not to think about it because he was afraid of losing her. Now, when Billy asks Amy whose child she carries, Amy tells him that it can be their child if he wants it to be. Amy promises Billy that she will not leave him for Holland because she is Billy’s wife. She also promises that she will never see Holland again.

That night, Billy thinks about the time when he had polio as a child. Doctor Griffin treated him at home and told Billy’s parents to watch his breathing night and day. After he recovered, his right leg never fully healed, causing him to walk with a limp for the rest of his life. Billy loves how Amy never makes him feel self-conscious about his leg. He remembers how humiliated he felt when Amy told the valley that he could not get her pregnant. He knows that his infertility is yet another symptom of the polio, even though the doctor never admitted this aloud.

In the morning, Billy goes out to the fields. He thinks about Holland’s disruptive nature when he was growing up. Billy knows that Holland will not let Amy go without a fight. Later that morning, Billy sees Holland talking with Amy in the yard. She pushes Holland away, but he keeps coming towards her. Billy picks up his shotgun and walks to the house. He does not know if he has the stomach to hurt Holland; unlike Holland, he has never fought in a war. Billy fires the gun in the air, and Holland approaches him. Billy tells Holland to leave them alone, but Holland refuses, citing the baby as a reason. Holland grabs the end of the barrel of the gun and pushes it into his own chest. Holland does not think that Billy will shoot him, but Billy pulls the trigger. Billy knows that he cannot bury Holland because of the dry earth. He knows that the best thing to do would be to put the body in the river, but he cannot swim well. Billy tells Amy that they must lie about seeing Holland. They get their stories straight, and then Billy tells her that after this day, they will never speak about what just happened.

Billy ties Holland’s body to Sam and takes a roll of barbed wire down to the river. When Billy gets to the river, he sees the Widow standing on the bank and worries that she can see Holland, so he goes to speak with her. The Widow asks how Amy is doing with her pregnancy and tells Billy that they can come to her for tonics if she needs them. Billy tells the Widow not to go downriver because he saw a large rattlesnake, which is why he has his shotgun. The Widow thanks him and starts walking away. Suddenly, she turns around and tells Billy that she hopes that he killed him. Billy feels alarmed, but then the Widow clarifies that she hopes that he killed the rattlesnake. Billy waits until the Widow is out of sight before he goes back to Sam and the body.

Billy leads Sam to an area of the river near a white oak with a low-hanging branch. He unloads the body and climbs up to the top branch, tying the rope there. He makes a large knot on the other end and drops it to the ground. Billy ties a rope around Holland’s body places the barbed wire at the base of Holland’s neck. He uses Sam to pull the rope and lift the body until it reaches the large limb at the top. Billy climbs the tree again and lays Holland’s body lengthwise, using the barbed wire to secure it to the limb. The barbed wire cuts into Holland’s skin in a way that makes Billy feel sick. Billy sits in the tree and practices out loud what he will say to Sheriff Alexander. From his viewpoint, Billy sees Mrs. Winchester come out of her house. He can tell that she is looking for Holland. When Billy climbs down, he shoots Sam in the head and breaks the horse’s leg.

When Billy gets back to the farm, he worries that the police will discover Holland’s body. He lets the sheriff search his property because he knows that Will suspects him of murder. That night, Billy has sex with Amy, and for the first time, he feels like the baby is his. The next day, Billy works the field while Will and Bobby search for the body. He sees buzzards in the distance and feels nervous. The men use dynamite to search the river, but Billy knows that they will not find anything. Billy tells Will that the buzzards are picking at his horse, and when they get to Sam, Billy hopes that he is the only one who notices the large number of buzzards in the white oak. No one looks up at the tree, so Billy thinks that he is in the clear. When the sheriff and deputy leave, Billy relaxes until he sees their car return. The sheriff tells him that they need to see the horse again, so Billy walks with them to the river. Will wants to move the horse’s body. Billy prays that they will not look up into the tree, but Will seems disappointed when he finds the ground undisturbed. After that night, Billy feels more confidant that Will and Bobby will not find the body.

A few months later, Billy takes a sack and a shovel to the river. He climbs the white oak; Holland’s body is just a skeleton now. He cuts the wire and lets the bones fall, putting them into the sack. He buries Holland’s bones deep in the woods, under an ash tree. He recalls when the sheriff told him that he got away with murder, and although the law did not catch him, he knows that he will have to pay for his crime in some other way.

When Amy goes into labor, Billy gets so sick that he hallucinates that Holland is standing in the room, staring at him. When Billy recovers, he finally meets Isaac. When Isaac opens his eyes, Billy sees Holland’s brown eyes staring back at him. He realizes that his punishment will be to live with the eyes of the man he murdered.

Part 3 Analysis

This section reveals Billy’s perspective on the murder and delves into his feelings about Amy’s affair. Because his infertility and disability make him feel inadequate, Billy harbors deep insecurities over losing Amy. Holland’s status as a war veteran exacerbates this situation, as Billy feels like less of a man because his disability prevented him from serving in the Korean War. Ultimately, Billy’s fear over losing Amy causes him to “prove” himself to her by killing Holland. Like Amy, Billy knows that the murder will not go unpunished despite the sheriff’s failure to solve the case. Billy’s certainty reflects The Ambiguities of Justice and Morality, for despite his relative freedom, he is never fully free of his guilt. For the rest of his life, his time is shadowed by his expectation that he will one day have to pay for his crimes. Although Amy and Billy share similar beliefs about the nature of justice and punishment, this section also illustrates a sharp contrast in the nature of their faith and religious conviction. While Billy maintains a strong faith in a Christian God, Amy loses her faith and chooses to believe in the power of the supernatural instead, as her fears about the Widow demonstrate. Ironically, despite his faith in God, Billy still chooses to murder Holland, and his subsequent cover-up condemns him to face the psychological punishment of a life consumed by guilt and haunted by the secret of Holland’s murder.

Within the context of the Southern Gothic genre, Rash subverts the common aspects of the supernatural by conflating them with more psychological elements. For example, Billy initially believes that his hallucinations of Holland will plague him for the rest of his life. These hallucinations resemble the Southern Gothic’s frequent use of ghosts and the supernatural while giving them a far more conventional origin. Additionally, Rash expands upon the connection between the supernatural and the Biblical when Billy hides Holland in the white oak. As he lifts Holland through the air with the rope, Billy reflects that Holland’s body resembles a ghostly angel and thinks about his belief that God will raise the dead from their graves on Judgment Day. Seeing Holland’s body suspended in the air makes Billy fear the inherent threat of Judgment Day because he suddenly realizes how terrifying it would be to see the dead raised. This faith-based revulsion of the concept of Judgement Day indicates Billy’s deepening sense of guilt, for he fears that God will one day judge him harshly for his crimes. Ironically, however, Rash conjures a far more realistic version of a ghost, for Billy’s punishment comes in the form of Isaac’s eyes, which haunt him with the memory of Holland for the rest of his life. Billy believes that the only way to keep Holland from haunting him is to treat Isaac well and love him like his own son. Billy’s private reasoning and overt actions reflect The Impact of Secrets on Human Behavior and highlight The Ambiguities of Justice and Morality, for although he receives no official punishment from the law, Isaac’s eyes serve as a constant reminder of his crime.

This section further explores The Impact of Secrets on Human Behavior through Billy’s cover-up of the murder. Rash heightens the suspense and tension in this section by retelling earlier aspects of the narrative with the added knowledge that Holland’s body is hidden in the white oak. Although Rash has already revealed the outcome of these events, Billy’s fear of discovery and paranoia intensifies the descriptions of Will and Bobby’s search. Because this section is told from Billy’s perspective, Rash forces a sense of sympathy for the murderer’s plight and anxiety. Although Will never looks up in the trees or sees Holland’s body, Billy fears that one wrong move on his part will give the game away. Thus, this section is imbued with a sense of dramatic irony that the chapters told from Will’s perspective distinctly lack. To further add to the tension, the Widow appears at an inopportune moment and becomes the one who holds Billy’s secrets. When she tells him that she hopes that he killed the snake, her ambiguity makes Billy unsure if she is talking about the rattlesnake or Holland, and the narrative implies that this wording is deliberate. Additionally, the Widow’s uncanny appearance and disappearance hint at the possibility of her supernatural talents and remind Billy of the secrets she holds. The fear and paranoia that Billy feels throughout the murder and the investigation are explicitly revealed in Billy’s hallucinations during his illness. In this moment, Billy’s delirium causes him to express his fear because the secret has been eating him alive. His deep psychological turmoil reflects The Impact of Secrets on Human Behavior as he hopes that raising Isaac with love will somehow negate his crime and alleviate some of his guilt.

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