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38 pages 1 hour read

Pat Frank

Alas, Babylon

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1959

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Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Florence Wechek, forty-seven years old, wakes up in Fort Repose, Florida. She is a Western Union manager and has two pet lovebirds, Anthony and Cleo. On the news, she sees that the Russians have sent Sputnik 23 into space. The American military recommends shooting the Sputnik satellites down. There is also trouble in the Middle East, where Syrian forces have crossed into Jordan.

Florence looks out her window and sees Randy Bragg, her neighbor. He sits on his porch and watches the street. He usually drinks before breakfast, and she thinks he is a Peeping Tom. She has seen him take women upstairs at his house, including one Florence recognized, Rita Hernandez, and she doesn’t approve of his lifestyle.

Randy, however, likes Florence, who voted for him in a recent election. He lost the election for Florida state representative to local politician Porky Logan after answering a question from the crowd while giving a speech. When asked his position on the Supreme Court—a coded way of asking if he agrees with the Supreme Court’s stance in favor of racial integration—, Randy said he supported the Constitution. His pro-integration position, unpopular with the crowd, led to a  humiliating defeat, and people called him a race traitor.

Missouri, a Black woman whose husband is named Two-Tone Henry, works for both Randy and the McGovern family as a maid. Missouri tells Randy that Mrs. McGovern follows Missouri when she cleans, which makes her nervous.

Randy looks at Preacher Henry’s place with his binoculars, but is interrupted by a phone call from Western Union to read him a telegram from his brother Mark. The telegram says Randy must meet Mark that night at Base Ops McCoy, and that Helen, his wife, and their children are flying to Orlando that night. It ends with the phrase “Alas, Babylon” (18). The words make Randy feel sick. Not only has Preacher Henry used that phrase to preach against sinners, but it is also a code between the two brothers signaling that the Russians are attacking the United States. They devised the code the previous Christmas, when Mark showed Randy missile trajectories on a globe. Now aware of impending danger, Randy makes a list of necessities.

Chapter 2 Summary

Randy heads to Orlando. He listens to global news on the way and hopes that Mark is wrong about the attack.

Meanwhile, Florence meets her friend Alice Cooksey at the Pink Flamingo for lunch. Alice is a librarian. Florence tells her about Randy Bragg. She reveals that she saw the cable that Mark sent to Randy. Back at the library, Alice is disturbed. She knows Mark well enough to know that the trouble is probably real. She calls Florence and accepts her invitation to stay for the weekend.

Randy arrives at McCoy, where a pilot named Paul Hart tells him the base has been placed on alert. Mark arrives and the brothers get into Randy’s car. Mark says the American military has received the Russian war plan from a Russian general who brought it to them. It calls for launching all of Russia’s nuclear missiles so that they reach their targets simultaneously. Mark talked with the Russian General, who doesn’t believe the plan will fully work.

Mark gives Randy a check for five thousand dollars and tells him to cash it. He asks Randy to take care of Helen. Randy leaves Mark at the base and drives towards Orlando, trying not to cry.

Chapter 3 Summary

Edgar Quisenberry is the president of the Fort Repose bank. He is forty-five years old and takes his duties seriously. He sees himself as the town’s most astute judge of character. When Randy enters the bank, Edgar ignores him. He dislikes the Braggs for many reasons, one of them secret. He dislikes Mark even more than Randy. Edgar remembers Judge Bragg, Mark and Randy’s father, humiliating him in a poker game years earlier. Bragg beat him on a large hand and then called him names.

Edgar tries to hassle Randy about the check from Mark but relents when Randy says he will take his business elsewhere. Randy tells Edgar that Mark is betting checks will not be worth anything soon, which is why he wants cash.

Randy goes next to the market and buys items on his list. He stops on the way home and buys a case of liquor. He feels guilty for not telling everyone what he knows about the coming attack.

Malachai Henry helps Randy take the items into his home. Randy gives Malachai twenty-five dollars and tells him that there might be a war coming. Malachai says they’ll be fine since they have an artesian well. Randy realizes that he never thought of the need for water.

Elizabeth McGovern—whom Randy calls Lib—comes in. She tells him he should move somewhere like New York where he can show his ambition. Once he is settled, she says she’ll follow and move in with him.

Dan Gunn, a doctor, knocks on the door, and tells Lib that her mother has diabetes. Randy tells them both about Mark’s warning, and Dan gives them some medicine to stash away.

Florence watches Randy kiss Lib goodbye, then sees him stalking something outside and thinks he is looking at her. Randy actually sees Florence’s bird, Cleo, and he tells her that he’s been watching the bird because he thought it was a species that has gone extinct. That night, Randy listens to the news at seven, but it reports nothing unusual, meaning that the attacks have not yet begun.

In the Eastern Mediterranean, two officers on the U.S.S. Saratoga watch a blip on their radar. The source fails to respond to their signals, and they classify it as hostile.

Chapter 4 Summary

Helen and her children say good-bye to Mark. Randy reviews his to-do list. He hasn’t yet thought about how to provide heat and oil in an emergency, so he fills two gas cans at the station, then goes to the McGovern house.

The jet following the Saratoga, the source of the radar blip, vanishes. Ensign (Peewee) Cobb is the smallest pilot. He goes up to try to intercept the jet. He finds it and fires. The missile on the jet explodes. Cobb is confused about what happened.

Randy is uncomfortable at Lib’s house. He doesn’t get along with her parents, Lavinia and Bill. Bill thinks that the growing scare about a war is fake. He knows people in the Pentagon and believes that they would have informed him if there was cause for alarm. Outside, they hear jets.

At home, near midnight, Randy turns on the news. In response to the bombing caused when Cobb exploded the missile-bearing jet, American planes are now attacking the harbor of Latakia, Syria. Civilian deaths are massive.

Mark sits in his children’s rooms. He hears about the attack. He goes to the War Room, fifty feet underground, and learns details about Cobb’s attack on the jet. Cobbs’s rocket hit a bunch of explosives, accounting for the massive detonation that occurred on the ground.

Randy picks up Helen and her kids. They hear a news report about Latakia. The Air Force claims that the bombing was a mechanical error. Ben Franklin and Peyton, Helen and Mark’s children, demonstrate acceptance and resolve in reaction to the attacks. Helen tells Randy, "You see, all their lives, ever since they’ve known anything, they’ve lived under the shadow of war—atomic war. For them the abnormal has become normal. All their lives they have heard nothing else, and they expect it” (114).

Mark and General Hawker visit the Hole, a secret military base that can launch thousands of American bombers and missiles. Mark knows that if a nuclear attack comes, they will have fifteen minutes of warning at most. He asks if they can release their weapons from the authority of the president, so that if they lose communication with their superiors, they can launch them on their own. Hawker calls the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, who confirms that they can. The officers in the Hole receive an alert that several ballistic missiles are coming towards them across the sea.

Chapters 1-4 Analysis

Alas, Babylon came out in 1959, during an extremely tense period of the Cold War. While the author speculates about the consequences of a nuclear war—a dominant cultural fear in the United States during the Cold War—he never gives specific dates in the story. This decision allows readers to imagine the events following a nuclear apocalypse without being tied to a specific time period. While the story’s warnings were relevant in the 1950s, they remain relevant in any decade when countries with nuclear capabilities are at odds.

The first few chapters set the scene by introducing the cast of unremarkable citizens and contrasting their mundane activities to the threat of coming danger. Although the novel focuses on this small group of people in a small town, the backdrop of political struggle mirrors widespread American fears in the 1950s. The technology gap between American and the Soviet Union—specifically regarding missile development and outer space—was a major political talking point during the Cold War, as were the concepts of deterrent force and mutually assured destruction. The American military viewpoint was that if the Soviets gained greater nuclear capabilities, they would be able to launch a first strike that America would be unable to respond to. Each superpower believed that it could not afford to let the other gain an advantage.

Mark quotes Curtis LeMay, an American Air Force general, as saying that “the only way a general can win a modern war is not fight one. Our whole raison d’etre was deterrent force. When you don’t deter them any longer, you lose” (44). Mark’s comments allow Frank to introduce the idea that the hope of avoiding war is futile, because people are naturally warlike and defensive: “Nations are like people. When they grow old and rich and fat they get conservative. They exhaust their energy trying to keep things the way they are—and that’s against nature” (22).

However, Frank does not linger on these big-picture concerns in Alas, Babylon. He focuses instead on characters who will soon survive a nuclear attack, inviting readers to ask themselves how they might react in a similar situation. Randy, who receives the majority of the narrative attention, represents the American ideal of an average, duty-bound citizen who rises to meet challenges when needed.

Like Randy, the other characters serve as character types. Edgar Quisenberry is a self-important, greedy man who values money and status. Mark Bragg is a stoic American military man. He does his duty whatever the cost, and gladly sends his family to safety knowing that he will probably never see them again. Florence is judgmental gossip who has no problem reading other people’s private messages in the telegrams she processes. Dan Gunn is a selfless, practical doctor.

The Henry family’s presence among the white characters signals the tensions between Black Americans and their white neighbors in the 1950s. Because the author presents Randy as a wholesome, honorable figure, his easy friendship with the Henrys illustrates that the white fear of integration and racial equality in the 1950s south was unjustified. This friendship sets the stage for a post-apocalyptic landscape that forces people to bond together, and where racial difference becomes trivial when contrasted with survival.

Randy’s willingness to warn Dan Gunn and Lib about the war foreshadows his unwillingness to abandon what he will later call the Good Samaritan Principle. Dan and Lib accept his warning and begin to prepare. Once Helen arrives in Fort Repose with her children, the author has assembled all his major characters in the town prior to the attacks.

Peyton and Ben Franklin’s resigned reaction to the attacks, a calm that adults like Edgar Quisenberry do not manage to maintain, was a common attitude among children during the Cold War in America. Mark and Helen did not make the children paranoid through constant warnings about nuclear war, but they prepared them for it as a possible—even a probable—future event. The children’s attitude, in fact, reflects and parallels their father’s stoic demeanor in the face of a crisis.

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