53 pages • 1 hour read
Haruki MurakamiA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The narrative here breaks off, and goes back in time, to introduce two letters from the narrator’s old friend, the Rat. As he reveals himself in these letters, the Rat is a nomadic, searching, and obscurely-unhappy character. He is driven to move from town to town and to repeatedly change his identity: “At times I forget what I was like originally” (90). At the same time, he is unsure of how fit he really is for his peripatetic life, and tells the narrator that if the two of them had only been born in 19th-century Russia, they might have fared better: “I’d have been Prince So-and-so and you Count Such-and-such” (88-89).
In this first letter, the Rat does not reveal much about his present dwelling, other than that it is very cold. He instead describes his practiced method of adjusting to a new town: discovering a town’s center, getting a feeling for the concerns of the townspeople, and making up an according identity. It is a method that seems to work for him all too well, and to ensure his isolation and anonymity, rather than lead to any lasting connection.
The narrator notices that this letter has been postmarked from the small, remote town of Honshu, but that it has been forwarded several times. Rat has also included, in the letter, a 200-page novel that he has written, which the narrator puts away in a drawer and never reads.
In this second letter, the Rat reveals to the narrator that he has arrived at a “final destination” (93). He describes where he is as remote and cold, far away from any sort of town. He tells the narrator that he has not had a girlfriend in some time, and he appears to be resigned to his lonely existence: “The only thing I could possibly throw overboard would be myself. Not such a bad idea, throwing myself overboard” (95).
Rat requests that the narrator return to their old hometown, in order to say goodbye for him to two people: their mutual acquaintance, J, and a woman whom the narrator doesn’t know. Along with his letter, he has enclosed the name and address of the woman, as well as a check for expenses. At the time that the narrator receives this second letter, he is in the process of divorcing his wife.
The narrator goes back to his hometown, in order to fulfill his estranged friend’s request. He tells us that he has not been home in four years–when he had to fill out some paperwork after getting married—and that he left home for the first time ten years ago. Since separating from his wife, he no longer considers the town to be his hometown; pointedly, he stays at a hotel, rather than at his old house.
He goes to J’s Bar, which has been through several incarnations. J. is a Chinese widower whom the narrator first met as a teenager, when he used to go to his bar alone; the bar is also where the narrator first met Rat. Though J. was a constant background figure in the young narrator’s life, the narrator also does not know very much about him: “He had a cat, smoked a pack of cigarettes a day, never touched a drop of alcohol. That’s the sum of everything I know about J.” (102).
The narrator gives J. Rat’s letter, which J quickly reads, and the two of them have a terse-yet-intimate conversation. The narrator tells J that he has separated from his wife, and J tells the narrator that his cat has died. The narrator confides to J that he does not see the point in having children, and J protests that there is a hopeful side to perpetuating the species: “‘Good things happen too, good people can make things worthwhile’” (105).
The narrator then goes for a solitary walk along the riverside. He sees the river as having nourished both the town and the ocean, and he is distressed by all of the new construction in his town. He sits alone on a jetty, which strangely no longer overlooks the water but some new buildings; he drinks a couple beers, and then throws them down on the ground as if he were throwing them into the water. For this, he is reprimanded by a security guard.
The narrator calls Rat’s female friend from his hotel, and the two of them then meet up the following evening in the hotel lounge. Rat’s woman friend (her name is never provided) is composed and inscrutable, her age difficult to ascertain. She tells the narrator that Rat left her, without saying goodbye, five years ago; she also tells him that she, too, is divorced. She tells him that she met Rat five years after her divorce, when she was leading a “‘cold and lonely life,’” and that Rat’s aura of “unreality” allowed her to see the unreality of the life that she was living (117-18).
The woman seems to have a pragmatic attitude about her own loneliness and solitude. She tells the narrator that even if nothing has changed for her since Rat left, she would never admit to this, as it would make her life seem pointless. She also tells the narrator that she identified who he was straight away, upon entering the hotel lounge: “’[…] there was something I could sense about you” (119).
These chapters, which introduce the character of the narrator’s old friend the Rat–and which provide some of the backstory behind the sheep photograph that has gotten the narrator into so much trouble–seem to come out of nowhere. They serve to break up the narrative of the novel, and their effect is at first confusing; at one moment, the narrator is facing down the boss’s secretary, and at the next, this scene dissolves and the Rat’s letters are presented to us, with no preamble or explanation apart from the chapters’ titles (“The Rat’s First Letter,” “The Rat’s Second Letter”). Not only is there an abrupt shift in scene and voice, there is also a leap backwards in time: the first letter is postmarked one year prior to the main action in the novel, while the following letter is postmarked just several months earlier. Following the letters, there is a scene of the narrator visiting his hometown on the Rat’s behalf, which the reader gradually understands must have taken place at some unspecified, earlier time in between the narrator’s separation from his wife and his meeting with his new girlfriend.
This confusion is surely intentional (on the part of the author), and recalls the timeline confusion of the Prologue of the book, in which the narrator is recalling a visit that he made several years earlier to the grieving parents of an old girlfriend, whose name he cannot now recall, upon learning of this girlfriend’s accidental death from a newspaper article. This is, in other words, a hazy memory of a memory, which arises in turn from a blurred memory of someone who was indistinct to the narrator to begin with (their affair was casual and impersonal). There are several degrees of remove operating here, and at the same time there is a clear desire–both in the Prologue and in these chapters concerning the Rat–to break through this remove, a frustration with the partial nature of intimacy and the erasing effects of time. It is no accident that the final line in Chapter 12–prior to the appearance of these letters, and while the narrator is still sitting with the secretary in his office–is, “Time was surely passing” (83).
As he reveals himself in these letters, the Rat is a more restless, anguished version of the narrator. Like the narrator, he is concerned with the passing of time, and like the narrator, he tends towards promiscuity (“I don’t want to brag, but finding women has never been much of a problem for me”) (94-95). Unlike the narrator, he moves around from town to town, changing his occupation and even his name each time he does so. While the narrator is haunted by a sense of rootlessness, and seems to have few real intimates, the Rat gives the narrator’s estrangement and loneliness a literal, real-world form by repeatedly making himself a stranger in the world. In doing so, the Rat serves as a catalyst for the narrator, sending him back towards his own origins and getting him in touch, through the sheep quest that he indirectly instigates, with his deepest fears and sorrows.
Although these chapters are dropped down into the main action of the narrative with a dreamlike sort of abruptness, it is interesting to note that they are far more realistic than the main action of the narrative. The effect is to scramble our sense of dreams and reality, along with our timeframes, in a way that recalls the “worm universe” confusion in Chapter 12.
By Haruki Murakami